Improve language
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@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ $(x_2,y_2)$,
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$(x_3,y_3)$ and
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$(x_4,y_4)$.
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This formula is easy to implement, there are no special
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cases, and it turns out that we can even generalize the formula
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cases, and we can even generalize the formula
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to \emph{all} polygons.
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\section{Complex numbers}
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@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ following point and vector:
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\index{complex@\texttt{complex}}
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The complex number class \texttt{complex} in C++ is
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The C++ complex number class \texttt{complex} is
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useful when solving geometric problems.
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Using the class we can represent points and vectors
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as complex numbers, and the class contains tools
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@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ that are useful in geometry.
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In the following code, \texttt{C} is the type of
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a coordinate and \texttt{P} is the type of a point or a vector.
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In addition, the code defines the macros \texttt{X} and \texttt{Y}
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In addition, the code defines macros \texttt{X} and \texttt{Y}
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that can be used to refer to x and y coordinates.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ counterclockwise.
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The function $\texttt{polar}(s,a)$ constructs a vector
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whose length is $s$ and that points to an angle $a$.
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In addition, a vector can be rotated by an angle $a$
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Moreover, a vector can be rotated by an angle $a$
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by multiplying it by a vector with length 1 and angle $a$.
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The following code calculates the angle of
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@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ using the class \texttt{complex}:
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\begin{lstlisting}
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P a = {4,2};
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P b = {1,2};
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C r = (conj(a)*b).Y; // 6
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C p = (conj(a)*b).Y; // 6
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\end{lstlisting}
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The above code works, because
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@ -307,8 +307,7 @@ $p$ is on the left side of the line:
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{center}
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In this situation,
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the cross product $(p-s_1) \times (p-s_2)$
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The cross product $(p-s_1) \times (p-s_2)$
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tells us the location of the point $p$.
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If the cross product is positive,
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$p$ is located on the left side,
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@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ points $s_1$, $s_2$ and $p$ are on the same line.
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\index{line segment intersection}
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Consider the problem of checking
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whether two given line segments
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whether two line segments
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$ab$ and $cd$ intersect. The possible cases are:
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\textit{Case 1:}
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@ -409,7 +408,7 @@ Hence, we can use cross products to check this.
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\subsubsection{Point distance from a line}
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Another feature of the cross product is that
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Another feature of cross products is that
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the area of a triangle can be calculated
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using the formula
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\[\frac{| (a-c) \times (b-c) |}{2},\]
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@ -502,11 +501,11 @@ so $b$ is outside the polygon.
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\section{Polygon area}
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A general formula for calculating the area
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of a polygon\footnote{This formula is sometimes called the
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\index{shoelace formula} \key{shoelace formula}.} is
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of a polygon, sometimes called the \key{shoelace formula},
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is as follows: \index{shoelace formula}
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\[\frac{1}{2} |\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} (p_i \times p_{i+1})| =
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\frac{1}{2} |\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} (x_i y_{i+1} - x_{i+1} y_i)|, \]
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where the vertices are
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Here the vertices are
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$p_1=(x_1,y_1)$, $p_2=(x_2,y_2)$, $\ldots$, $p_n=(x_n,y_n)$
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in such an order that
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$p_i$ and $p_{i+1}$ are adjacent vertices on the boundary
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@ -702,7 +701,6 @@ For example, consider the following set of points:
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\node at (3,0.5) {$D$};
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{center}
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The maximum Manhattan distance is 5
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between points $B$ and $C$:
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\begin{center}
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@ -744,7 +742,6 @@ the result is:
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\node at (4,-2.5) {$D$};
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{center}
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And the maximum distance is as follows:
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\begin{center}
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\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.6]
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