diff --git a/chapter25.tex b/chapter25.tex index 82f6965..d7db53d 100644 --- a/chapter25.tex +++ b/chapter25.tex @@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ On each move, the player has to remove and the player who removes the last stick wins the game. For example, if $n=10$, the game may proceed as follows: -\begin{enumerate}[noitemsep] +\begin{itemize}[noitemsep] \item Player $A$ removes 2 sticks (8 sticks left). \item Player $B$ removes 3 sticks (5 sticks left). \item Player $A$ removes 1 stick (4 sticks left). \item Player $B$ removes 2 sticks (2 sticks left). \item Player $A$ removes 2 sticks and wins. -\end{enumerate} +\end{itemize} This game consists of states $0,1,2,\ldots,n$, where the number of the state corresponds to @@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ is a winning state for the opponent. More generally, if there is a move that leads from the current state to a losing state, the current state is a winning state, -and otherwise it is a losing state. +and otherwise the current state is a losing state. Using this observation, we can classify all states of a game starting with losing states where there are no possible moves. @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ can be classified as follows It is easy to analyze this game: a state $k$ is a losing state if $k$ is divisible by 4, and otherwise it -is winning state. +is a winning state. An optimal way to play the game is to always choose a move after which the number of sticks in the heap @@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ and this is always the final state. It turns out that we can easily classify any nim state by calculating -the \key{nim sum} $x_1 \oplus x_2 \oplus \cdots \oplus x_n$, +the \key{nim sum} $s = x_1 \oplus x_2 \oplus \cdots \oplus x_n$, where $\oplus$ is the xor operation\footnote{The optimal strategy for nim was published in 1901 by C. L. Bouton \cite{bou01}.}. The states whose nim sum is 0 are losing states, @@ -312,11 +312,11 @@ one bit in the nim sum: \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{r|r} -10 & \texttt{10\textcircled{1}0} \\ +10 & \texttt{10\underline{1}0} \\ 12 & \texttt{1100} \\ 5 & \texttt{0101} \\ \hline -3 & \texttt{00\textcircled{1}1} \\ +3 & \texttt{00\underline{1}1} \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} @@ -340,7 +340,8 @@ which is a losing state: \index{misère game} -In a \key{misère game}, the goal is opposite, +In a \key{misère game}, the goal of the game +is opposite, so the player who removes the last stick loses the game. It turns out that a misère nim game can be @@ -368,8 +369,8 @@ so the nim sum is not 0. \index{Sprague–Grundy theorem} -The \key{Sprague–Grundy theorem}\footnote{The theorem was discovered -independently by R. Sprague \cite{spr35} and P. M. Grundy \cite{gru39}.} generalizes the +The \key{Sprague–Grundy theorem}\footnote{The theorem was +independently discovered by R. Sprague \cite{spr35} and P. M. Grundy \cite{gru39}.} generalizes the strategy used in nim to all games that fulfil the following requirements: @@ -755,7 +756,7 @@ The Grundy numbers for the mazes are as follows: In the initial state, the nim sum of the Grundy numbers is $2 \oplus 3 \oplus 3 = 2$, so the first player can win the game. -An optimal move is to move two steps up +One optimal move is to move two steps up in the first maze, which produces the nim sum $0 \oplus 3 \oplus 3 = 0$.