diff --git a/kkkk.pdf b/kkkk.pdf index df63709..ffe6eba 100644 Binary files a/kkkk.pdf and b/kkkk.pdf differ diff --git a/kkkk.tex b/kkkk.tex index fedb27e..7b22c4f 100644 --- a/kkkk.tex +++ b/kkkk.tex @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ \include{luku28} \include{luku29} \include{luku30} -\include{kirj} +%\include{kirj} \cleardoublepage \printindex diff --git a/luku21.tex b/luku21.tex index dd12ddc..ebd31d4 100644 --- a/luku21.tex +++ b/luku21.tex @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ The factors are The \key{sum of factors} of $n$ is \[\sigma(n)=\prod_{i=1}^k (1+p_i+\ldots+p_i^{\alpha_i}) = \prod_{i=1}^k \frac{p_i^{a_i+1}-1}{p_i-1},\] -where the latter formula is based on the geometric sum formula. +where the latter formula is based on the geometric progression formula. For example, the sum of factors of the number 84 is \[\sigma(84)=\frac{2^3-1}{2-1} \cdot \frac{3^2-1}{3-1} \cdot \frac{7^2-1}{7-1} = 7 \cdot 4 \cdot 8 = 224.\] @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ and the product of the factors is $\mu(84)=84^6=351298031616$. \index{perfect number} A number $n$ is \key{perfect} if $n=\sigma(n)-n$, -i.e., $n$ equals the sum of its divisors +i.e., $n$ equals the sum of its factors between $1$ and $n-1$. For example, the number 28 is perfect, because $28=1+2+4+7+14$. @@ -355,10 +355,10 @@ For example, Numbers $a$ and $b$ are \key{coprime} if $\textrm{gcd}(a,b)=1$. \key{Euler's totient function} $\varphi(n)$ -returns the number of coprime numbers to $n$ +gives the number of coprime numbers to $n$ between $1$ and $n$. For example, $\varphi(12)=4$, -because the 1, 5, 7 and 11 +because 1, 5, 7 and 11 are coprime to 12. The value of $\varphi(n)$ can be calculated @@ -517,9 +517,9 @@ cout << x*x << "\n"; // 2537071545 \index{Diophantine equation} -A \key{Diophantine equation} is of the form +A \key{Diophantine equation} is an equation of the form \[ ax + by = c, \] -where $a$, $b$ and $c$ are constants, +where $a$, $b$ and $c$ are constants and we should find the values of $x$ and $y$. Each number in the equation has to be an integer. For example, one solution for the equation @@ -575,10 +575,10 @@ and by multiplying this by 4, the result is \[ 39 \cdot 8 + 15 \cdot (-20) = 12, \] -so a solution for the equation is +so a solution to the equation is $x=8$ and $y=-20$. -A solution for a Diophantine equation is not unique, +A solution to a Diophantine equation is not unique, but we can form an infinite number of solutions if we know one solution. If a pair $(x,y)$ is a solution, then also all pairs @@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ where all pairs of $m_1,m_2,\ldots,m_n$ are coprime. Let $x^{-1}_m$ be the inverse of $x$ modulo $m$, and \[ X_k = \frac{m_1 m_2 \cdots m_n}{m_k}.\] -Using this notation, a solution for the equations is +Using this notation, a solution to the equations is \[x = a_1 X_1 {X_1}^{-1}_{m_1} + a_2 X_2 {X_2}^{-1}_{m_2} + \cdots + a_n X_n {X_n}^{-1}_{m_n}.\] In this solution, it holds for each number $k=1,2,\ldots,n$ that