Small fixes
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@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ It is clear for a human which of the lines is the correct
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choice, but the situation is difficult for a computer.
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However, it turns out that we can solve the problem using
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another method that is much easier to use.
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another method that is more convenient to a programmer.
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Namely, there is a general formula
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\[x_1y_2-x_2y_1+x_2y_3-x_3y_2+x_3y_4-x_4y_3+x_4y_1-x_1y_4,\]
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that calculates the area of a quadrilateral
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@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ counterclockwise.
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The function $\texttt{polar}(s,a)$ constructs a vector
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whose length is $s$ and that points to an angle $a$.
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Moreover, a vector can be rotated by an angle $a$
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A vector can be rotated by an angle $a$
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by multiplying it by a vector with length 1 and angle $a$.
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The following code calculates the angle of
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@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ points $s_1$, $s_2$ and $p$ are on the same line.
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\index{line segment intersection}
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Consider the problem of checking
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Next we consider the problem of testing
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whether two line segments
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$ab$ and $cd$ intersect. The possible cases are:
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@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ exactly when both points $c$ and $d$ are
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on different sides of a line through $a$ and $b$,
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and points $a$ and $b$ are on different
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sides of a line through $c$ and $d$.
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Hence, we can use cross products to check this.
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We can use cross products to check this.
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\subsubsection{Point distance from a line}
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@ -413,9 +413,8 @@ the area of a triangle can be calculated
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using the formula
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\[\frac{| (a-c) \times (b-c) |}{2},\]
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where $a$, $b$ and $c$ are the vertices of the triangle.
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Using this formula, it is possible to calculate the
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shortest distance between a point and a line.
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Using this fact, we can derive a formula
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for calculating the shortest distance between a point and a line.
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For example, in the following picture $d$ is the
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shortest distance between the point $p$ and the line
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that is defined by the points $s_1$ and $s_2$:
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@ -678,8 +677,8 @@ from the center point, using the Euclidean and Manhattan distances:
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\subsubsection{Rotating coordinates}
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Some problems are easier to solve if the
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Manhattan distance is used instead of the Euclidean distance.
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Some problems are easier to solve if
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Manhattan distances are used instead of Euclidean distances.
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As an example, consider a problem where we are given
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$n$ points in the two-dimensional plane
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and our task is to calculate the maximum Manhattan
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@ -721,7 +720,7 @@ between points $B$ and $C$:
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\end{tikzpicture}
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\end{center}
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A useful technique related to the Manhattan distance
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A useful technique related to Manhattan distances
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is to rotate all coordinates 45 degrees so that
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a point $(x,y)$ becomes $(x+y,y-x)$.
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For example, after rotating the above points,
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@ -773,7 +772,7 @@ and the Manhattan distance is
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\[|1-3|+|0-3| = \max(|1-6|,|-1-0|) = 5.\]
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The rotated coordinates provide a simple way
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to operate with the Manhattan distance, because we can
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to operate with Manhattan distances, because we can
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consider x and y coordinates separately.
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To maximize the Manhattan distance between two points,
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we should find two points whose
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